Methanol, used to be ... and now ... ..!

        Methanol or better known as wood alcohol or methyl alcohol is the simplest alcohol derivatives. Methanol is a colorless liquid, volatile and flammable.
Actually, methanol has been developed since 1923. Process technology was first developed by BASF is the High Pressure. M. Pier, which is incorporated by BASFberhasil producing methanol synthesis with the pressure of 1000 bars by using a zinc catalyst cromate. The first synthesis of methanol factory was built in Leuna, Germany. America itself metanolnya factory building in 1926. Unfortunately, in the year 1930-1935 production drastically decreased methanol synthesis gas because it is intended for the synthesis of ammonia.
The development process of purification and hydrocarbon-based gasification latest turning point of methanol production. ICI developed a low-pressure process technology. His factory was established at Billingham in 1966. Furthermore, methanol technology is growing, such as Lurgi CORP., Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, etc.. Each licensee continues to develop a process that they have, starting from the activation of the catalyst, the utilization of CO 2, purification and methanol synthesis reactor.
Methanol can be synthesized not only from natural gas but also from coal. methanol from coal is even more simple and easy. Pulverisasi coal and cleaned and fed to the gasifier bed. This coal is reacted with oxygen and steam to produce synthesis gas. The next production is typically the same as the manufacture of methanol from natural gas. It's just making methanol from coal is slightly more expensive than the process that made from raw natural gas.
Methanol is used as feedstock for chemicals such as formaldehyde and methyl tertiary butyl ether, as a mixture of environmentally friendly fuels. Methanol is also developed as a fuel cell. In the future methanol can also be used as biosubstrat.

Biogas, Alternative Energy Sources

Scarcity of fuel oil, which is caused by rising world oil prices are significant, has prompted the government to invite the community to overcome the problem of energy together (Kompas, June 23, 2005).
The increase in the price reached 58 dollars the United States this includes extraordinary because usually occurs during winter in the countries that have four seasons in Europe and the United States. This problem is complicated as it is said President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in a meeting with the governors in Pontianak, West Kalimantan, dated June 22, 2005, and urge people to save energy across the country.
These savings should in fact we have since the first move because the supply of fuel derived from petroleum is a fossil energy source that can not be updated (unrenewable), while demand continues to rise, so did the price so there is no balance of demand and supply stability. One way to save on fuel oil (BBM) is looking for alternative energy sources that can be updated (renewable).
Fuel requirements for low-income and poor populations, particularly in rural areas, mostly filled with kerosene, which is perceived as affordable subsidized by the government. But because it is used for industrial or other business, sometimes there is a shortage of petroleum supplies in the market. Besides those living near the forest area trying to find firewood, both of dry twigs and not infrequently also cut down the trees in the forest are forbidden to cut down, so that eventually threaten the preservation of nature in the surrounding forest area.
Actually, an alternative energy source is available. For example, solar energy in the dry season or dry season, wind and water energy. Hydropower is the most widely used in the form of hydroelectric power (hydropower), but for other energy sources do not seem significantly.
Other renewable energy that can be generated by appropriate technology that is relatively more simple and suitable for rural areas is biogas energy by processing waste bio or bio mass in airtight device called a digester. Biomass can be a waste of manure and even human feces, the remains of crops such as straw, husks and leaves a sort of vegetables and so on. However, largely composed of animal manure.
Biogas Technology
Methane gas formed by the fermentation process is anaerobic (without air) or methane by bacteria called anaerobic bacteria and bacterial biogas that reduce waste that contains organic material (biomass) to form methane (CH4) which when burned to generate heat energy . Actually, in certain places this process occurs naturally as a gas explosion incident that formed under a pile of garbage in the Final Waste Disposal (Landfill) Leuwigajah, Bandung regency, West Java, (Kompas, March 17, 2005). Methane gas with liquefied petroleum gas (liquidified petroleum gas / LPG), the difference is that methane has a C atom, whereas the more LPG.
Culture of Egypt, China, and ancient Rome have been known to take advantage of this natural gas is burned to generate heat. However, the first to associate this with the fuel gas decomposition process vegetable material was Alessandro Volta (1776), while Willam Henry in 1806 identified that can burn such gases as methane. Becham (1868), pupil of Louis Pasteur and Tappeiner (1882), shows the microbiological origin of the formation of methane.
At the end of the 19th century there is some research done in this field. Germany and France to do research on the period between two World Wars and several units of biogas plants using agricultural waste. During World War II, many farmers in the UK and continental Europe that make small digester to produce biogas which is used to drive a tractor. Because fuel prices getting cheaper and easily acquired in the 1950's use of biogas in Europe abandoned. However, in developing countries will need a cheap source of energy is always there and always available. Biogas production activities in India have been made since the 19th century. Tool's first anaerobic digester was built in 1900. (FAO, The Development and Use of Biogas Technology in Rural Asia, 1981).
Other developing countries, like China, Philippines, Korea, Taiwan, and Papua New Guinea, has conducted various research and development of bio-gas generators with the same principle, namely to create an airtight instrument with principal parts consist of digester (digester), holes income and expenditure of raw material waste products of digestion sludge (slurry) and bio-gas distribution pipes are formed.
With certain technologies, methane gas can be used to drive turbines that generate electricity, run the refrigerator, hatching machines, tractors, and cars. Simply put, methane gas can be used for cooking and lighting using a gas stove as well as LPG.
Biogas generators
There are two types of tools or digester biogas plant, which is of type float (floating type) and fixed dome type (fixed dome type). Floating type was developed in India which consists of wells in the upper digestive and placed upside-down drum floating of iron that serves to accommodate the gas produced by the digester. Wells constructed by using materials commonly used to make the foundation of the house, such as sand, bricks, and cement. Since developed in India, the digester is also called the Indian type. In the year 1978/79 in India there are l.k. And 80,000 units during the period 1980-85 to 400,000 units targeted to the development of this tool.
This type of digester dome was built by excavating the soil and buildings made with brick, sand, and cement-like cavity is air tight and structured like a dome (hemispherical dots). This type is developed in China so called dome type or types of China (see figure). In 1980 as many as seven million units this tool has been built in China and its use to include moving and agricultural equipment for electric power generators. There are two types of small size for households with a volume of 60-10 cubic meters and large type for groups of 60-180 cubic meters.
India and China are two countries that have no petroleum energy sources so they are very active for a long time to develop alternative energy sources, including biogas.
In the digester methane bacteria to process waste or biomass and produce bio-methane biogas. With a pipeline that is designed in such a way, the gas can flow into the stove is located in the kitchen. Gas can be used for culinary purposes and others. Biogas is produced by mixing the waste which is composed largely of cattle dung with small pieces of plant debris, such as straw, etc., with plenty of water.
For the first time it would take approximately two weeks to a month before the beginning of the gas produced. The mixture is always added every day and occasionally stirred, while that has been processed through the channel expenditure incurred. The remainder of the waste that has? Digested? by bacteria or bacterial methane biogas, called slurry or sludge, have the same nutrient content of organic fertilizers as well as mature compost that can be directly used to fertilize crops, or if it will be stored or sold can be dried in the sun before it is inserted into the in the sack.
For starters it would cost to build the plant (digester) biogas is relatively large for the rural population. But once established, the tool can be used and produce biogas for many years. For the size of 8 cubic meters of dome type tool, suitable for farmers who have 3 or 8 cows or goats, 100 chickens on the side also has adequate water resources and waste biomass crops as a complement. Each unit is filled as much as 80 pounds of cow dung mixed with 80 liters of water and pieces of other wastes can produce 1 cubic meter of biogas that can be used for cooking and lighting. Biogas is suitable to be developed in areas that have abundant biomass, especially in the centers of rice and livestock production in Central Java, East Java, South Sulawesi, Bali, and others.
Biogas plants built also suitable for the dairy farm or chicken farm with cattle feces drainage design into the digester. Housing complexes can also be designed to channel the sludge on biogas processing facility together. Many developed countries are implementing this system as part of efforts to recycle and reduce pollution and waste management costs. So it can be concluded that biogas has many benefits, which produces gas, preserve the environment, reduce pollution and improve hygiene and health, as well as producing quality organic fertilizer.
To reap significant results, it takes a mass movement, directed, and planned include technology development, counseling, and mentoring. In the long run, the movement can help save biogas development of petroleum resources and forestry resources. Regarding the financing may be gradually transferred some fuel subsidies for the construction of biogas units. Through this path, it may appeal the government to invite the community to work together to solve the energy problem can be partially realized.

Why is the sky blue?

The sky is blue only in the daytime. There are several reasons why the sky is blue. The earth covered with a layer of air called the atmosphere. Although not visible, the air is actually composed of tiny particles.

The light from the sun is scattered by small particles in the atmosphere. But we know, the light from the sun consists of an alloy of all colors, from red, yellow, green, blue, to purple. The colors that have different frequencies. Red has a smaller frequency of yellow, yellow, smaller than the green, green is smaller than the blue, blue is smaller than purple. The greater the frequency of light, the stronger the light is scattered.

The color of the sky is partially scattered sunlight. Because the most widely scattered is the high-frequency color (green, blue, and purple), then the sky has a mix of those colors, which when combined into a bright blue.

Because a lot of scattered blue, then white color of the sun is not perfect, as it should have happened if all the colors combined. The color of the sun becomes a little bit orange.

In the afternoon, the sun often turns red. At that time, the sun was slanting to travel farther to reach our eyes, so that more light is scattered. That much remains is the light frequency
low, which is red.

On the moon and the planets that do not have the atmosphere, sunlight is not dissipated, so the sky is always black, although in the daytime.

Adverse effects of Technology

World development, especially communication technology certainly has helped many millions of people in the world to connect between each other. Even the longer, we can communicate with friends, family or business relationships with our low price and with quality that tends to increase.But this technology for some people actually give a negative impact on the quality of their relationships intertwine. How not, these days people are more comfortable gathering of friends active in the virtual world rather than the activities of organizations that can provide quality real friendships are more concrete and intents.Take Facebook as an Example snippet case. Many people who have hundreds or even thousands of friends difacebook but in the real world, they only have a few close friends who accompany their daily lives. This is one of the negative impact of facebook that until now may not have been realized by several people. They have lost the ability to blend in with society and tend comfortable with online life. And if there was something crucial in our lives, which can help us are not people we know virtual world but the people who live around us.Therefore, let's Balance our active life virtual world with a relationship and communication intents with people all around us. Thus we will not compartmentalize compartmentalized by a narrow relationship and we will not lose the ability to communicate with others.At the end of this article, I'll give you two tips for utilizing lightweight technology so that we get a good quality relationship with our friends. Here are tips:

   1. Use the technology that you control to a more intents relationships with friends or the people who previously had been the real world you know. Do not be obsessed to find new friends on Facebook, twitter or other social media because of the tendency that happens, you know they are only virtual world will not give the value of a mutual friendship or mutual support between one and the other real world.
   2. If you want to find new friends virtual world, look for the positive community that often meets the real world or commonly known as kopdar or ground coffee. Communities like this that will really hone your communication skills because these communities are often gives us inspiration and support optimal in your life. source: http://vikhi.com

Plastic waste

One of the factors that cause environmental damage to this day still remains a "homework" for the nation of Indonesia is a factor of plastic waste disposal. Plastic bag litter has become a dangerous and difficult to manage.It may take tens or even hundreds of years to make the former garbage bag really broken down. But the problem is the negative impact of plastic waste were functioning well.So if you know of any danger caused by plastic bags for the environment?It took 1000 years for plastic to decompose by soil decomposed or broken down completely. This is a very long time. When biodegradable, plastic particles will contaminate soil and groundwater.
If burned, plastic trash will produce toxic fumes that are harmful to health that is if the process is not perfect pembakaranya, the plastic will break down in the air as dioxin. These compounds are highly dangerous if inhaled human. The impact among others lead to cancer, hepatitis, swelling of the liver, nervous system disorders and trigger depression.Plastic bags also cause flooding, due to clogging of water channels, embankments. Thus resulting in even the worst flood damage to the turbine reservoir.
An estimated, 500 million to one billion plastic bags used worldwide each year. If the waste is spread then, can membukus the earth's surface at least up to 10 times! Try to imagine so fantastic plastic trash that has been too high on our earth. And do you know? Every year, about 500 billion - 1 trillion plastic bags are used worldwide. It is estimated that each person spends 170 plastic bags each year (multiply by the number of people your town!)More than 17 billion plastic bags given out free by supermarkets throughout the world each year. Plastic bags began to bloom in use since the entry of supermarkets in big cities.Plastic waste can cause climate change?Since the production process until the stage of disposal, waste plastic emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Plastics production activities require about 12 million barrels of oil and 14 million trees annually. The production process is not energy efficient. At the stage of land disposal in landfill (landfill), waste plastic greenhouse gas issue.So, what's the solution overcome the garbage bags?Various efforts to suppress the use of plastic bags have been undertaken by several countries. One of them with campaign efforts to prevent global warming. Garbage bags of plastics has become a serious enemy to the preservation of the environment. If the former garbage bags left on the ground, he will become a significant pollutant. When burned, the waste would significantly increase the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
What should we do?Reduce use of plastic bags right now and use cloth bags every time you shop. If you only buy a little, put the groceries into the bag. Remind the person's house or your friends to always carry a cloth bag when shopping. Contact supermarkets, malls and bookstores subscription you to stop providing plastic bags.But as a member of the Board of Experts expressed the Board of Forestry and environmental watchdog Tatar Sunda (DPLKTS) Sobirin, processing of waste into the best solution. If the household or the smallest communities in the environment have not been able to cultivate it, recycled, then sorting the best small steps.Regardless of the effort and the effort, according to my personal opinion it will die back to individuals each. And consciousness left, walking determine whether or not the steps that have been recommended.When the various countries began banning and respond to the dangers of using plastic bags, such as in Kenya and Uganda had even officially banned the use of plastic bags. A number of countries began to reduce the use of plastic bags including the Philippines, Australia, Hongkong, Taiwan, Ireland, Scotland, France, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Tanzania, Bangladesh, and South Africa. Singapore, from April 2007 ongoing campaign to "Bring Your Own Bag '(bring your own bag directly), held by The National Environment Agency (NEA). And the Chinese Government has also issued draft legislation (Bill) overcome a plastic bag. And reactions that have been prepared, among others, the prohibition of the use of plastic bags in the Department Store.Para buyer will be charged a fee for plastic bags and will be enforced standardization of the production of plastic bags.Meanwhile, what about Indonesia itself? The Government has not actually make policy. Recognizing the current condition of Indonesia that the Be inspired from a variety of information regarding the prohibition of the use of plastic bags from various countries. Environmental Engineering student (HMTL) ITB since last month began running a campaign to 'hostile' plastic bags, such as those conducted by the State of Singapore.HMTL attempt to build a community that is really aware of the dangers of excessive use of plastic. The "Plastic Phobia" which is the final series of the "Anti Plastic Bag Campaign 'or the Campaign to Ban Plastic Bags were marred by" happening art "installation art and the action of Graphic Design students ITB."The spirit of cultural change is necessary to use plastic bags from each individual. This is very positive effort to stop the environmental disaster caused by plastic bags in the future, "says Rector Prof. ITB. Dr. Joko Santoso on the sidelines of the campaign. According to Joko, it is proper care and young people more friendly to the environment, because the younger generation will determine the environmental rescue in the future.So remember, do not burn plastic trash because if waste is burned, toxins are present in the waste will pollute the air including the air we breathe can make us sick. Do not bury waste plastic due to toxins in the waste will seep or seep into the soil and make the water present in the soil will be polluted as well as the surrounding environment. Do not dispose of plastic waste, because the toxins that exist in the trash can pollute the environment around us, living things and our environment will be damaged and the toxins will continue to grow everywhere.

FUEL PLANT PROFILE (BBN)

Development of bio-fuels as an energy substitute vegetable oil, in terms of people's welfare development is very useful; ie not only viewed from the side of the provision of alternative energy opportunities that will be able to replace oil because its supply is depleted, but also will provide greater opportunity to improvequality of the environment, create jobs, and increase incomes.
Environmental improvements in Indonesia, can be done by cultivating a variety of bio-fuel crops on barren forests and critical land which has now reached 58 million hectares. With the development of producing bio-fuel plantations on a large scale will improve the global climate, increasing reserves and availability of ground water for the residents, as well as reducing the danger of floods and other disasters that now often occur as a result of deforestation. Further utilization of biofuels as an environmentally friendly fuel will have an impact on reducing emissions of greenhouse gases.
For the development of bio-fuel plantation tananam can provide synergistic results for the welfare of the people, it needs to be addressed with a focused and sustainable planning. For example with no overall acreage cultivated in monoculture plantations, because it will have adverse impacts on biodiversity and human.
In addition, the development of various plant materials commodity bio-fuel is a big business that can create jobs and increase incomes of the people. If bio-fuels developed for domestic consumption, then in 2010 is expected to absorb the 3-5 million jobs. In addition it will also reduce the subsidy of at least 10% fuel utilization, save foreign exchange worth U.S. $ 10 billion, and 5 million hectares of cultivated land.
Tananam that can be developed for bio-fuels include oil, palm oil, palm / palm, jatropha, sugar cane, cassava / cassava, were all among the public and easily diltanam.
To increase real income of the people, and that quality and productivity in developing the commodity becomes optimal, it must be done with the patterns of partnerships with entrepreneurs and manufacturers guidance and assurance that the market correctly can provide results that can ultimately be enjoyed by the community. It is hoped the community can organize groups of business development of bio-fuels, such as farmers' group distances, cassava farmers and other institutions that clear through such cooperatives, so as to provide the bargaining position or strength of a better socio-economic, including to obtain credit from banks and establish selling price agreement.
In developing bio-fuels program, the Provincial Government, District and City to raise sumberdana. Calculation of the development of bio-fuels to 6 million hectares of land that absorbs 3-5 million workers need about Rp. 250 trillion, which is for on-farm and off-farm reached Rp. Rp 200 trillion and Infrastructure. 50 trillion. These funds may not be sufficiently supplied from the state budget, so it is necessary to mobilize public funds, businesses, NGOs, donors are expected to develop the Trust Fund or the Fund Amanah to support bio-fuel program, that can be used as a poverty alleviation program.
The Government will support fundraising for the development of bio-fuel is by establishing a trust fund green energy, which can be sold commercially in the bond market nationally and internationally.Need a new breakthrough in order to increase employment, increase incomes and reduce poverty by one of them through the acceleration of the development of Bio Fuel.
This step is done by considering some basic principles, namely:1. Objective: creation of new jobs for an additional 3-5 million people in between 2006-2010.2. Programme of Action Green Energy is one of the instruments to achieve these goals through Palm Cultivation & Industrial plants, Sugarcane, Cassava and Jatropha up with an area of ​​6 million hectares.3. Complement existing programs.4. Ensuring economic program, and not rely on state budget5. Maximize the role of business and society.6. Maximize the size of the program, but workable
Empirical data on employment for every unit of energy equivalent to Bio Fuel 7 to 15 times higher than gasoline. To produce 2500 barrels of oil equivalent per day to absorb as much labor as:1. 750 people in the oil and gas industry.2. 10,000 people in bio-oil.3. 6,000 people in bio-ethanol.
Vegetable Fuel Development, other than employment (Pro-Job) and reduce levels of poverty (Pro-Poor) also will strengthen the system of National Economy (Pro-Growth) and improve the environment (Pro-Planet), because:1. Potential to generate foreign exchange (Bio Fuel is a global commodity).2. Potentially reduce fuel subsidies, strengthening the fiscal budget.3. Potentially increase the security of energy supply is required.4. Potentially improve the environment, thus increasing sustainable economic development.
Target to 2010:1. Job creation, through the Biofuel Development Program, for 3 to 5 million.2. Increased revenue 3 to 5 million workers On-Farm & Off-Farm in Green Energy industry minimum = minimum wage.3. Fuel consumption reduction of at least 10%.4. Foreign exchange savings of about U.S. $ 10 billion.5. Increased biofuel exports about 12 million KL.6. Pembudidayaanlahanterlantarminimal 5 million ha.7. Rural Development & Food Self-Energy.
Strategic Environment:1. Price developments minyakdunia unpredictable and prone to political interference.2. Biofuels or their raw materials is a global commodity and run according to market mechanisms.3. CPO price in addition to the influence of the market (demand & supply, import & export policy, rivals other commodities such as soybeans, rapeseed oil) also issue / consumer perceptions of CPO.4. The use of biofuels in developed & developing countries (USA, EU, Brazil, India, Thailand & China) could affect the price of their raw materials.5. Ethanol is besarmendorong KetersediaanBio-car industry by machine type FFV (flexible fuel vehicle) can use Bio-Ethanol up to 100%.6. The strategic location of Indonesia in Asia and has the SDA & human resources for the development of biofuels, including for increasing world consumption.
Sources:http://tkpkri.org/profil-bahan-bakar-nabati- (BBN). htmlFebruary 28, 2009
Picture source:http://iipalbanjary.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/biofuelphoto8.jpgPosted by Badag at 18:20 0 commentsSATURDAY, 15 AUGUST 2009New Alternative Fuel from FungusPlants that are overgrown with fungus produces a mixture of hydrocarbons that can be used as diesel fuel. With the latest findings, scientists hope they can cleave DNA gene fungus to be grafted onto other microorganisms and process it into fuel.
High prices fuel gas and oil to make the developed countries and also developing working to find a way to get alternative energy sources.
Pravda, Thursday (06/08/2009) launch, ethanol-based alternative fuel produced from corn or sugar cane, not enough to overcome this problem. Because, to produce one liter of ethanol requires a hydrocarbon raw in the same amount. Hydrocarbons are chemicals that can produce diesel fuel.
This problem will most likely be solved with the help of microscopic parasitic fungi that live in the substance of the wood of a tree and break down the cellulose so as to produce a mixture of hydrocarbons.
Wood cellulose to be the best place for mushroom producers of hydrocarbons to produce fuel. But to take it, it is very difficult because it must break down the cellulose structure of wood is strong. Specific enzymes required for the process.
The researchers say the study, the material a little diesel fuel produced by this fungus will provide enough power for one tractor to work.
Therefore, they continue to develop these findings. According to them, it may hold the genetic analysis and detect genes in fungi and transplanting it in other organisms to produce fuel from wood covered with mold.

Parameters of Industrial Wastewater Treatment

In industrial wastewater treatment known three main parameters: (1) Dissolved oxygen (OT) or Dissolved Oxygen (DO), (2) Biological Oxygen Demand (KOB) or Biologycal Oxygen Demand (BOD) and (3) Chemical Oxygen Demand ( KOK) or Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).Dissolved oxygen (OT) or Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Oxygen is a very important parameter in water. Most of the creatures living in water need oxygen to sustain life, both plant and animal water, depending on the dissolved oxygen. Fish is an aquatic creature with the highest oxygen demand, and invertebrates, and the smallest are the bacteria needs oxygen.
The balance of dissolved oxygen (OT) in water are naturally occurring sustainably. Mikoorganisme as the smallest creatures in the water, for its growth requires an energy source that is the element carbon (C) which can be obtained from the organic material originating from plants, algae die, as well as oxygen from the air.
Organic material by microorganisms will duraikan menadi carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). CO2 subsequently utilized by plants for photosynthesis in water to form oxygen, and so on.
Oxygen is utilized for the decomposition of organic material will be replaced by the incoming oxygen from the air and from other sources as quickly as exhaustion of dissolved oxygen used by bacteria or in other words oxygen is taken up by biota, water is always equilibrium with the incoming oxygen from the air or from the photosynthesis of aquatic plants.
If at any time of organic matter in water is exceeded as a result of the entry of waste of human activity (such as organic wastes from industry), which means the supply of carbon (C) abundant, causing microorganism growth rate will double, which means also increased oxygen demand, while supply fixed amount of oxygen from the air. In these conditions, the equilibrium between the oxygen that goes into the water with that utilized by the biota, water is not in balance, resulting in a deficit of oxygen dissolved in water. If the decrease in dissolved oxygen continues until it reaches zero, the water biota that require oxygen (aerobic) will die and be replaced by the growth of microbes that do not require oxygen or microbial anerobik. Similarly, the microbial aerobic, anaerobic microbes will also take advantage of carbon from organic material. This form of anaerobic respiration of methane (CH4) as well as acid gases formed sulfide (H2S) which smells foul.The entry of other solutes in the water disrupt the solubility of oxygen in water
The entry of other solutes in the water disrupt the solubility of oxygen in waterBOD and COD
To determine the rate of decline in water quality can be seen from the decrease in oxygen levels terlatut (OT) as a result of the inclusion of organic material from the outside, commonly used test and BOD or COD.
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) or biological oxygen demand (KOB) shows the amount of dissolved oxygen required by living microorganisms to break down or oxidize organic matter in water.
Therefore, the value of BOD is not a value that shows the amount or levels of organic matter in water, but a relative measure the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to oxidize or describe these organic materials. High BOD indicates that the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to oxidize the organic material in water is high, it means the water is oxygen deficit. The number of microorganisms that grow in water due to the quantity of food available (organic material), thus indirectly BOD is always associated with higher levels of organic matter in water.
BOD5 is the determination of BOD raw measure of the amount of oxygen that is spent within five days by microorganisms in aerobic decomposers in a volume of water at a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius.
500mg/liter BOD5 (or ppm) oxygen mgram means 500 will be spent by the microorganisms in a liter of sample water for five days at a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius.
Some basic often used to determine water quality seen in the levels of BOD are:
BOD is closely related to COD. In the waste material, not all organic chemicals can be decomposed by microorganisms quickly.
Organic material in water is:

    * Can be broken down by bacteria (biodegradation) within five days
    * Organic materials that are not decomposed by bacteria within five days
    * Materials are not biodegradable organic
COD test includes all the organic material on top, both of which can be decomposed by microorganisms and which can not be described. Therefore, COD test results will be higher than the BOD test.

B3 Waste Teknology

Definition based on the B3 waste BAPEDAL (1995) is any residue (waste) an activity of production processes that contain hazardous and toxic materials (B3) because of the nature (toxicity, flammability, reactivity, and corrosivity) and the concentration or amount which either directly or indirectly can directly damage, pollute the environment or endanger human health.
Based on the source, B3 waste can be classified into:

    * Primary sludge, waste that is derived from the sedimentation tank in the initial separation and biomass contains a stable organic compounds and volatile
    * Chemical sludge, the waste generated from the process of coagulation and flocculation
    * Excess activated sludge, the waste that comes from the activated sludge process with less processing thus contain lots of organic solids in the form of sludge from the process
    * Digested sludge, waste that is derived from biological treatment with aerobic and anaerobic digested where the solids / sludge produced is quite stable and contain lots of organic solids.
B3 Wastes characterized by several parameters: total solids residue (TSR), the content of fixed residue (FR), the content of volatile solids (VR), water content (sludge moisture content), the volume of solids, as well as the character or nature of the B3 (toxicity, corrosive properties, combustible nature, the nature of explosive, toxic, and chemical nature and content of chemical compounds).
Example B3 waste is heavy metals such as Al, Cr, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Hg, and Zn as well as chemicals such as pesticides, cyanide, sulfide, phenol and so on. Cd produced from sewage sludge and certain industrial chemicals while Hg generated from chlor-alkali industry, paint industry, mining, paper industry, as well as the burning of fossil fuels. Pb is produced from the smelting of lead and batteries. Heavy metals in general are toxic even in low concentrations. The full list can be seen in B3 waste PP. 85, 1999: Management of Hazardous and Toxic Waste (B3). Please click the link for a complete list that also includes the official rules of the Government of Indonesia.
Handling or processing of solid waste or sludge B3 can basically be implemented in the unit of industrial activity (on-site treatment) or by a third party (off-site treatment) in industrial waste treatment center. If the processing carried out on-site treatment, to consider the following things:

    * The type and characteristics of solid waste that must be known for certain that processing technology can be determined precisely; other than that, the anticipation of the type of waste in the future also be considered
    * The amount of waste generated should be sufficient so as to justify the costs to be incurred and also to consider how the amount of waste in the future (1 to 2 years ahead)
    * Processing on-site needs to hire permanent (in-house staff) that handles the processing should be considered human resource management
    * Applicable legislation and regulations to be issued to anticipate the Government in the future so that the chosen technology can still meet the standards
Processing Technology
There are many methods of B3 waste processing in the industry, three of the most popular of which is the chemical conditioning, solidification / stabilization, and incineration.

   1. Chemical Conditioning
      One of the B3 waste treatment technology is chemical conditioning. The main purpose of chemical conditioning is:
          * Stabilize the organic compounds contained in the mud
          * Reduce the volume by reducing the water content in the mud
          * Mendestruksi pathogenic organisms
          * Use of by-product chemical conditioning process that still has economic value such as methane gas produced in the process of digestion
          * Conditioning the mud that are released into the environment are safe and environmentally acceptable

      Chemical conditioning consists of several stages as follows:
         1. Concentration thickening
            This stage aims to reduce the volume of sludge to be treated by increasing the solids content. Tools are commonly used at this stage is gravity thickener and a solid bowl centrifuge. This stage is basically an early stage before the waste is reduced water levels in subsequent stages of de-watering. Although not as popular as gravity thickener and centrifuge, some wastewater treatment unit using the flotation process at this early stage.
         2. Treatment, stabilization, and conditioning
            This second stage aims to stabilize the organic compounds and destroy pathogens. The process of stabilization can be done through a process of conditioning in chemistry, physics, and biology. Chemical conditioning process takes place with the formation of chemical bonds with colloidal particles. Physical conditioning takes place by way of separating chemical substances and colloids by washing and destruction. Conditioning took place in the presence of biological destruction process with the help of enzymes and oxidation reactions. The processes involved in this stage is lagooning, anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, heat treatment, polyelectrolite flocculation, chemical conditioning, and elutriation.
         3. De-watering and drying
            De-watering and drying aims to eliminate or reduce the water content and simultaneously reducing the volume of sludge. Processes involved in this stage generally is drying and filtration. Common tool used is the drying beds, filter press, centrifuge, vacuum filters, and belt press.
         4. Disposal
            Disposal is the process of final disposal of B3 waste. Some of the processes that occur before the B3 waste is disposed of pyrolysis, wet oxidation of water, and composting. B3 waste landfills generally are sanitary landfills, crop land, or injection well.
   2. Solidification / stabilization
      In addition to chemical conditiong, technology, solidification / stabilization can also be applied for wastewater B3. In general, stabilization can be defined as a process waste pencapuran with additional ingredients (additives) with the aim of lowering the rate of migration of contaminants from waste and to reduce the toxicity of such waste. While the compaction process of solidification is defined as a hazardous material by the addition of additives. Both processes are often linked so often considered to have the same meaning. The process of solidification / stabilization based mechanisms can be divided into 6 groups, namely:
         1. Macroencapsulation, which is a process in which hazardous materials in the waste matrix structure wrapped in a large
         2. Microencapsulation, which is a process that is similar but macroencapsulation pollutants are physically encased in the crystal structure at the microscopic level
         3. Precipitation
         4. Adsorption, which is a process in which contaminants are electrochemically bonded to the material through the mechanism of adsorption compactor.
         5. Absorption, ie solidification process with menyerapkannya pollutants into solid materials
         6. Detoxification, the process of converting a toxic compound into other compounds with low toxicity or even disappear altogether

      Technology solidikasi / stabilization generally using cement, lime (CaOH2), and thermoplastic materials. The methods applied in the field is the method of in-drum mixing, in-situ mixing, and mixing plant. Regulations regarding the solidification / stabilization is governed by BAPEDAL based Kep-03/BAPEDAL/09/1995 and Kep-04/BAPEDAL/09/1995.
   3. Incineration
      Combustion technologies (incineration) is an attractive alternative in waste treatment technology. Incineration reduces the volume and mass of waste by about 90% (volume) and 75% (by weight). This technology is actually not the final solution of the solid waste management system because it is basically just moving the waste from the solid form to a form of invisible gas that is invisible to the eye. Incineration process produces energy in the form of heat. However, incineration has several advantages in which most of the B3 waste components and reduced waste can be destroyed quickly. In addition, incineration requires a relatively small area.

      Important aspect of the incineration system is the value of the energy content (heating value) of waste. In addition to determining the ability to sustain the process of combustion, heating value also determines the amount of energy that can be obtained from the incineration system. The most common type of incinerator burning solid waste is applied to B3 is the rotary kiln, multiple hearth, fluidized bed, open pit, single chamber, multiple chamber, aqueous waste injection, and starved of water units. Of all these types of incinerators, rotary kiln has the advantage because the tool can process solid waste, liquid, and gas simultaneously.
B3 Waste HandlingHazardous Material ContainerHazardous Material Container
B3 waste must be handled with special treatment given the dangers and risks that may arise if the waste is spread into the environment. This includes the process of packaging, storage, and transportation. B3 packaging waste in accordance with the characteristics of the waste in question. But in general it can be said that packaging of B3 waste must have a good condition, free from rust and leak, and should be made of a material that does not react with the waste stored in them. For waste that is explosive, packaging must be made copies where the inner packaging must be able to hold to the substance does not move and able to withstand the increased pressure from within or from outside of the package. Wastes that are self-reactive and organic peroxides also have special requirements in the packaging. Pembantalan packaging waste types are to be made from materials that are not flammable and did not undergo decomposition (decomposition) when dealing with waste. The number that are packed too limited for a maximum of 50 kg per package, while the waste has a low activity usually can be packed up to 400 kg per package.
B3 waste produced from a production unit in a factory should be kept with the special treatment before being processed at a waste treatment facility. Storage should be done with the system blocks and each block consisting of 2 × 2 packing. Wastes should be placed and should be avoided contact between incompatible wastes. Waste storage building should be made with a waterproof floor, not wavy, and sloped toward the tank with a maximum slope of 1%. Buildings also must be well ventilated, protected from entry of rain water, made without ceiling, and fitted with a lightning rod system. Wastes that are reactive or corrosive require storage building that has an easily removable wall construction to facilitate emergency and made of fire-resistant construction materials and corrosion.
Regarding the transport of waste B3, the Government of Indonesia does not have B3 waste transportation regulations until 2002. However, we can refer to the applicable transport regulations in the United States. The regulation is related to the labeling, character analysis of waste, special packaging, and so on. Requirements to be met if the packaging of which is an accident in which normal transport conditions, no leakage of waste into the environment in significant amounts. In addition, the packaging should have enough quality to not decrease the effectiveness of the packaging during transport. Waste gases are easily terbagak must be equipped with head shields on the packaging as a protector and an additional heat shield to prevent rapid temperature rise. In America also treated special transport routes as well as the obligations of the completeness of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) that exist in every truck and the fire department kebarakan.
Secured LandfillSecured Landfill. Factors hydrogeology, environmental geology, topography, and other factors must be considered to secured landfill is not environmentally damaging. Post-operative monitoring should be done to ensure that water bodies are not contaminated by the B3 waste.
B3 Waste Disposal (Disposal)
Some of the B3 waste that has been processed or not processed with the technology available to end on disposal (disposal). Landfills that are widely used for the B3 waste is landfilled (urug land) and the disposal well (disposal wells). In Indonesia, a detailed regulations concerning land development urug has been regulated by the Environmental Impact Management Agency (BAPEDAL) through Kep-04/BAPEDAL/09/1995.
Landfills for landfill B3 classified into three types, namely: (1) secured landfill double liner, (2) secured landfills single liner, and (3) landfill clay liner and each has specific provisions in accordance with the B3 waste stockpiled.
Starting from the bottom, the bottom of the secured landfill consists of local soil, the base layer, leak detection system, the barrier layer of soil, leachate collection systems and removal (leachate), and the protective layer. For certain cases, above and / or under a system of leachate collection and removal should be coated geomembran. While the cover consisting of soil cover, soil barrier hoods, hoods geomembran, drainage hood lining, and coating the soil to plants and vegetation cover. Secured landfills must be covered with water quality monitoring system in the settlement of land and water around the site to find out if a secured landfill is leaking or not. In addition, the secured landfill site should not be used so as not to pose a risk to humans and the surrounding habitat.Deep Injection WellDeep Well Injection. B3 waste disposal through this method is becoming controversial and still required a comprehensive assessment of the effects that may result. The data show that the manufacture of injection wells in the United States are mostly done in 1965-1974 and almost no new wells constructed after 1980.
Injection well or wells in the (deep well injection) used in the United States as one of the B3 waste disposal site of liquid (liquid hazardous wastes). Disposal of waste into wells in an attempt to B3 waste in geological formations that are well below the earth's surface that has the ability to bind waste, as these formations have the ability to store reserves of oil and gas. The important thing to consider in site selection is strktur geology and hydrogeology and stability of the local area.
A B3 waste injected in a porous formation which are well below the layer containing groundwater. In between these layers must have an impermeable layer such as shale or clay that is thick enough so that the liquid waste can not be migrated. The depth of the well is approximately 0.5 to 2 miles from the ground surface.
Not all types of B3 waste may be disposed of in injection wells as some types of waste can cause disruption and damage to the wells and waste receiver formations. This can be avoided by not including waste that can undergo precipitation, has a solid particle, can form an emulsion, is a strong acid or strong base, is chemically active, and has a density and viscosity lower than the natural fluids in geological formations.
Until now in Indonesia there are no provisions regarding the disposal of B3 waste into deep well (deep well injection). Existing provisions on this subject set by the United States and in the provision disebutkah that:

   1. Within 10,000 years, B3 waste must not migrate vertically out of the injection zone or laterally to the intersection with groundwater sources.
   2. Before the waste is injected migrate in the direction as mentioned above, the waste has undergone a change higga no longer be hazardous and toxic.